Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review is Marbury v. Madison. In this 1803 decision, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, concluded that it had the authority to review acts of Congress and determine their constitutionality. This ruling set the precedent for the judiciary to overrule both Congress and state legislatures if their laws were found to be in violation of the Constitution. The establishment of judicial review reinforced the role of the Supreme Court and ensured that it could serve as a check on the legislative and executive branches, thereby supporting the principle of separation of powers within the U.S. government.

The other cases mentioned, such as McCullough v. Maryland, Brown v. Board of Education, and Roe v. Wade, are significant in their own rights but do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. McCullough v. Maryland dealt primarily with federalism and implied powers, while Brown v. Board of Education addressed racial segregation in public schools. Roe v. Wade focused on abortion rights and women's privacy. None of these cases laid down the foundational doctrine of judicial review like Marbury v. Madison did.