Which document established a system of federal courts to resolve disputes between citizens and states?

The Constitution established a system of federal courts to resolve disputes between citizens and states. This framework is outlined primarily in Article III of the Constitution, which created the judicial branch of the federal government. It lays the foundation for a federal court system with the authority to hear cases that involve federal laws, as well as disputes between states or between citizens of different states. This system is crucial for maintaining a balanced relationship between state and federal authority, ensuring that there is a judicial avenue for addressing conflicts that may arise across state lines.

In contrast, the Articles of Confederation, as the first governing document of the United States, did not establish a national judiciary, leading to significant challenges in enforcing laws and resolving disputes. The Bill of Rights focuses on individual rights and liberties and does not address the structure of the federal courts. The New Jersey Plan was a proposal during the Constitutional Convention that called for a unicameral legislature but did not directly establish a federal court system. Thus, the Constitution is the foundational document that created this essential mechanism for legal resolution within the United States.